chore: use Nix profiles in sandbox Docker image (#8140)

* feat: use Nix profiles in sandbox Docker image

Replace manual tool installs (rustup, nodesource, curl installers) in
sandbox-image/Dockerfile.sandbox with a single `nix profile install .#sandbox`.
All tools (Rust, Node, Bun, Deno, Go, gh, sqlx-cli, cargo-watch, Chromium,
Playwright, etc.) are now managed declaratively via flake.nix.

- Add `packages.sandbox` and `packages.sandbox-full` buildEnv outputs to flake.nix
- Add `sandbox-env` helper script for browser tooling env vars
- Update playwrightWrapper to export PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH
- Rewrite Dockerfile.sandbox: Nix replaces ~50 lines of manual installs
- Update entrypoint.sh to source Nix profile PATH
- Delete deprecated root Dockerfile.sandbox

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: sandbox image runs as non-root user with wmdev

- Rewrite entrypoint.sh to start PostgreSQL as current user (no
  chown/su needed), fixing "Operation not permitted" when wmdev
  runs containers with --user
- Add chmod -R 777 /root and passwd entry for UID 1000 so non-root
  containers can access bashrc, nix-profile, and tool configs
- Remove apt postgresql server (Nix profile provides it)
- Fix bash history expansion errors from literal `!` in system prompt
- Fix asciinema path reference (available on PATH, not hardcoded)

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: wrap pkg-config in sandbox profiles to bake in Nix search path

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: add openssh-client and sudo to sandbox image for full root access

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.5 <noreply@anthropic.com>

* fix: use useradd instead of manual passwd entry for sandbox agent user

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

---------

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.wmdev.yaml

@@ -53,12 +53,11 @@ profiles:
          --endpoint-url "$(printenv R2_ENDPOINT)"
       3) The public URL will be:
          $(printenv R2_PUBLIC_URL)/<branch>/screenshot.png
-      4) Include screenshots in PR descriptions as markdown images:
+      4) Include in PR descriptions using markdown image syntax.
-         ![description]($(printenv R2_PUBLIC_URL)/<branch>/screenshot.png)
 
       --- Terminal Recordings (asciinema) ---
       You can record terminal sessions and upload them for sharing.
-      asciinema is pre-installed at /usr/local/bin/asciinema.
+      asciinema is available on PATH.
 
       1) Write a shell script with the commands to demo. Add sleep
           delays for readable pacing:
@@ -98,8 +97,7 @@ profiles:
       4) The public URL will be:
           $(printenv R2_PUBLIC_URL)/<branch>/diagram.svg
 
-      5) Include in PR descriptions as markdown images:
+      5) Include in PR descriptions using markdown image syntax.
-          ![description]($(printenv R2_PUBLIC_URL)/<branch>/diagram.svg)
 
 linkedRepos:
   - repo: windmill-labs/windmill-ee-private

Dockerfile.sandbox

@@ -1,231 +0,0 @@
-FROM debian:bookworm-slim
-
-RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-    curl \
-    ca-certificates \
-    git \
-    iptables \
-    gosu \
-    sudo \
-    unzip \
-    # Rust native build deps (for cargo check)
-    pkg-config \
-    cmake \
-    clang \
-    mold \
-    libtool \
-    libssl-dev \
-    libxml2-dev \
-    libxmlsec1-dev \
-    libxslt1-dev \
-    libffi-dev \
-    zlib1g-dev \
-    libcurl4-openssl-dev \
-    libclang-dev \
-    libkrb5-dev \
-    libsasl2-dev \
-    # PostgreSQL (for local DB during development)
-    postgresql \
-    postgresql-client \
-    # Node.js 22 (for npm run check / frontend dev)
-    && curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_22.x | bash - \
-    && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends nodejs \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
-    # Container runs as arbitrary UIDs (--user uid:gid). These three lines make
-    # sudo work for any UID:
-    # 1) NOPASSWD rule so sudo never prompts for a password
-    # 2) Writable passwd/group so the entrypoint can register the dynamic UID
-    # 3) Writable shadow so unix_chkpwd can validate the account (without this,
-    #    sudo fails with "account validation failure, is your account locked?")
-    && echo "ALL ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" > /etc/sudoers.d/sandbox \
-    && chmod 0440 /etc/sudoers.d/sandbox \
-    && chmod 666 /etc/passwd /etc/group /etc/shadow
-
-# ── GitHub CLI (for PR creation) ──────────────────────────────────────────────
-RUN curl -fsSL https://cli.github.com/packages/githubcli-archive-keyring.gpg \
-        -o /usr/share/keyrings/githubcli-archive-keyring.gpg \
-    && echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/githubcli-archive-keyring.gpg] https://cli.github.com/packages stable main" \
-        > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/github-cli.list \
-    && apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gh \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
-
-# ── Rust toolchain ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-# Install under /usr/local/lib/ so bins are world-readable with default umask.
-# CARGO_HOME is overridden to /tmp/.cargo at the end for mutable runtime state.
-ENV RUSTUP_HOME=/usr/local/lib/rustup CARGO_HOME=/usr/local/lib/cargo
-RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | \
-    sh -s -- -y --default-toolchain stable --profile minimal && \
-    ln -s /usr/local/lib/cargo/bin/* /usr/local/bin/
-RUN cargo install sqlx-cli --no-default-features --features native-tls,postgres && \
-    cargo install cargo-watch && \
-    cargo install --locked --git https://github.com/asciinema/asciinema && \
-    ln -sf /usr/local/lib/cargo/bin/sqlx /usr/local/bin/sqlx && \
-    ln -sf /usr/local/lib/cargo/bin/cargo-watch /usr/local/bin/cargo-watch && \
-    ln -sf /usr/local/lib/cargo/bin/asciinema /usr/local/bin/asciinema
-
-# ── Register dynamic runtime users ───────────────────────────────────────────
-RUN cat <<'SCRIPT' > /usr/local/bin/register-dynamic-user.sh
-#!/bin/sh
-set -eu
-
-uid="${1:-}"
-gid="${2:-}"
-
-if [ -z "$uid" ] || [ -z "$gid" ]; then
-    echo "register-dynamic-user: usage: register-dynamic-user <uid> <gid>" >&2
-    exit 1
-fi
-
-if ! getent group "$gid" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    echo "sandbox:x:${gid}:" >> /etc/group
-fi
-
-if ! getent passwd "$uid" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    echo "sandbox:x:${uid}:${gid}:sandbox:/tmp:/bin/sh" >> /etc/passwd
-fi
-
-# Add a shadow entry ("*" = no password) so unix_chkpwd doesn't reject sudo.
-if ! grep -q "^sandbox:" /etc/shadow 2>/dev/null; then
-    echo "sandbox:*:19000:0:99999:7:::" >> /etc/shadow
-fi
-SCRIPT
-RUN chmod +x /usr/local/bin/register-dynamic-user.sh
-
-# ── Network init script (iptables firewall + privilege drop) ──────────────────
-RUN cat <<'SCRIPT' > /usr/local/bin/network-init.sh
-#!/bin/bash
-set -euo pipefail
-
-if [ -n "${WM_PROXY_HOST:-}" ] && [ -n "${WM_PROXY_PORT:-}" ]; then
-    # Resolve hostnames to ALL IPs (multi-A records, round-robin DNS)
-    PROXY_IPS=$(getent ahostsv4 "$WM_PROXY_HOST" | awk '{print $1}' | sort -u)
-    RPC_HOST="${WM_RPC_HOST:-$WM_PROXY_HOST}"
-    RPC_IPS=$(getent ahostsv4 "$RPC_HOST" | awk '{print $1}' | sort -u)
-
-    if [ -z "$PROXY_IPS" ] || [ -z "$RPC_IPS" ]; then
-        echo "network-init: failed to resolve proxy/RPC host" >&2
-        exit 1
-    fi
-
-    # IPv4: default deny outbound
-    iptables -P OUTPUT DROP
-    iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
-    iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-
-    # Allow DNS (UDP/TCP 53) to configured nameservers.
-    if [ -f /etc/resolv.conf ]; then
-        grep '^nameserver' /etc/resolv.conf | awk '{print $2}' | while read -r ns; do
-            iptables -A OUTPUT -d "$ns" -p udp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-            iptables -A OUTPUT -d "$ns" -p tcp --dport 53 -j ACCEPT
-        done
-    fi
-
-    # Allow ALL resolved proxy IPs (handles multi-A DNS)
-    for ip in $PROXY_IPS; do
-        iptables -A OUTPUT -d "$ip" -p tcp --dport "$WM_PROXY_PORT" -j ACCEPT
-    done
-
-    # Allow ALL resolved RPC IPs
-    if [ -n "${WM_RPC_PORT:-}" ]; then
-        for ip in $RPC_IPS; do
-            iptables -A OUTPUT -d "$ip" -p tcp --dport "$WM_RPC_PORT" -j ACCEPT
-        done
-    fi
-
-    # Reject (not drop) everything else to fail fast instead of hanging
-    iptables -A OUTPUT -j REJECT
-
-    # IPv6: block entirely to prevent leaks (fail closed)
-    if ip6tables -L -n >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-        ip6tables -P OUTPUT DROP
-        ip6tables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
-        ip6tables -A OUTPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
-        ip6tables -A OUTPUT -j REJECT
-    else
-        if ! sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=1 2>/dev/null; then
-            echo "network-init: failed to block IPv6 (neither ip6tables nor sysctl available)" >&2
-            exit 1
-        fi
-    fi
-fi
-
-# Add sandbox user/group so sudo works after dropping privileges.
-if [ -z "${WM_TARGET_UID:-}" ] || [ -z "${WM_TARGET_GID:-}" ]; then
-    echo "network-init: WM_TARGET_UID and WM_TARGET_GID are required" >&2
-    exit 1
-fi
-/usr/local/bin/register-dynamic-user.sh "${WM_TARGET_UID}" "${WM_TARGET_GID}"
-
-# Fix PTY ownership so the unprivileged user can read/write the terminal.
-if [ -t 0 ]; then
-    chown "${WM_TARGET_UID}:${WM_TARGET_GID}" "$(tty)"
-fi
-
-# Drop privileges and exec the user command.
-exec gosu "${WM_TARGET_UID}:${WM_TARGET_GID}" env HOME=/tmp "$@"
-SCRIPT
-RUN chmod +x /usr/local/bin/network-init.sh
-
-# ── workmux (sandbox RPC) ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-RUN curl -fsSL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/raine/workmux/main/scripts/install.sh | bash
-
-# ── Claude Code ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-RUN curl -fsSL https://claude.ai/install.sh | bash && \
-    target="$(readlink -f /root/.local/bin/claude)" && \
-    mv /root/.local/share/claude /usr/local/lib/claude && \
-    ln -s "/usr/local/lib/claude/versions/$(basename "$target")" /usr/local/bin/claude && \
-    mkdir -p /tmp/.local/bin && \
-    ln -s /usr/local/bin/claude /tmp/.local/bin/claude && \
-    chmod -R a+rwX /tmp/.local
-
-# ── Codex ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-RUN npm i -g @openai/codex
-
-# ── Bun ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-ENV BUN_INSTALL=/usr/local/lib/bun
-RUN curl -fsSL https://bun.sh/install | bash && \
-    ln -s /usr/local/lib/bun/bin/bun /usr/local/bin/bun && \
-    ln -s /usr/local/lib/bun/bin/bunx /usr/local/bin/bunx
-
-# ── Playwright + Chromium (for screenshots) ──────────────────────────────────
-ENV PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH=/usr/local/lib/playwright-browsers
-RUN bun add -g @playwright/test \
-    && bunx playwright install chromium --with-deps \
-    && chmod -R a+rwX /usr/local/lib/playwright-browsers \
-    && chmod -R a+rwX /usr/local/lib/bun/install \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/bunx-*
-
-
-# ── Runtime env for arbitrary UID ─────────────────────────────────────────────
-# Mutable state goes to /tmp (writable by any UID). Toolchains stay read-only.
-ENV CARGO_HOME=/tmp/.cargo BUN_TMPDIR=/tmp
-
-# ── Entrypoint ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-RUN cat <<'ENTRY' > /usr/local/bin/entrypoint.sh
-#!/bin/sh
-/usr/local/bin/register-dynamic-user.sh "$(id -u)" "$(id -g)"
-
-# Start PostgreSQL (unix socket in /tmp, owned by postgres user)
-mkdir -p /tmp/pgdata && sudo chown postgres:postgres /tmp/pgdata
-if [ ! -f /tmp/pgdata/PG_VERSION ]; then
-    sudo -u postgres /usr/lib/postgresql/15/bin/initdb -D /tmp/pgdata --auth=trust
-fi
-sudo -u postgres /usr/lib/postgresql/15/bin/pg_ctl -D /tmp/pgdata -l /tmp/pg.log start -o "-k /tmp"
-sudo -u postgres psql -h /tmp -c "CREATE ROLE sandbox SUPERUSER LOGIN" 2>/dev/null || true
-sudo -u postgres createdb -h /tmp windmill 2>/dev/null || true
-
-# Run database migrations so sqlx compile-time checks work
-if [ -d "$PWD/backend/migrations" ]; then
-    DATABASE_URL="postgres://sandbox@localhost/windmill?host=/tmp" \
-        sqlx migrate run --source "$PWD/backend/migrations" 2>/dev/null || true
-fi
-
-# Install frontend dependencies and generate backend client
-if [ -d "$PWD/frontend" ]; then
-    (cd "$PWD/frontend" && npm install && npm run generate-backend-client) 2>/dev/null || true
-fi
-
-exec "$@"
-ENTRY
-RUN chmod +x /usr/local/bin/entrypoint.sh
-ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/bin/entrypoint.sh"]

flake.nix

@@ -342,11 +342,60 @@
 
         # Wrapper for the Nix-provided playwright CLI (version-matched to its browsers)
         playwrightWrapper = pkgs.writeShellScriptBin "playwright" ''
+          export PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH="${pkgs.playwright-driver.browsers}"
           exec ${pkgs.nodejs}/bin/node ${pkgs.playwright-driver}/cli.js "$@"
         '';
 
+        # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+        # sandbox-env script — outputs env vars for browser tooling
+        # Usage: eval "$(sandbox-env)"
+        # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        sandboxEnvScript = pkgs.writeShellScriptBin "sandbox-env" ''
+          echo "export PLAYWRIGHT_BROWSERS_PATH=${pkgs.playwright-driver.browsers}"
+          echo "export PUPPETEER_EXECUTABLE_PATH=${pkgs.chromium}/bin/chromium"
+          echo "export PUPPETEER_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=true"
+        '';
+
+        # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+        # pkg-config wrapper — bakes in the Nix pkg-config search path
+        # so sandbox profiles (buildEnv) work without setting env vars.
+        # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        pkgConfigWrapper = pkgs.writeShellScriptBin "pkg-config" ''
+          export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="${pkgConfigPath}:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH"
+          exec ${pkgs.pkg-config}/bin/pkg-config "$@"
+        '';
+
+        # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Installable sandbox profiles (nix profile install .#sandbox)
+        # ---------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        sandboxEnv = pkgs.buildEnv {
+          name = "windmill-sandbox";
+          paths = coreBuildInputs ++ helperScriptsBase
+            ++ [ playwrightWrapper sandboxEnvScript pkgConfigWrapper pkgs.chromium ];
+        };
+
+        sandboxFullEnv = pkgs.buildEnv {
+          name = "windmill-sandbox-full";
+          paths = coreBuildInputs ++ extraRuntimes
+            ++ helperScriptsBase ++ helperScriptsFull
+            ++ [ playwrightWrapper sandboxEnvScript pkgConfigWrapper pkgs.chromium
+                 pkgs.cargo-sweep pkgs.xcaddy pkgs.nsjail ];
+        };
+
       in {
 
+        # =============================================================
+        # Installable profiles — for Docker / nix profile install
+        # Usage: nix profile install .#sandbox
+        # =============================================================
+
+        packages.sandbox = sandboxEnv;
+        packages.sandbox-full = sandboxFullEnv;
+        packages.default = sandboxEnv;
+
         # =============================================================
         # default — daily driver for backend + frontend development
         # Usage: nix develop

sandbox-image/Dockerfile.sandbox

@@ -1,61 +1,46 @@
 FROM debian:bookworm-slim
 
-# ── System packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# ── Minimal system deps ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
-    curl ca-certificates git unzip openssh-client \
+    ca-certificates curl git openssh-client sudo xz-utils \
-    # Rust native build deps
+    # PostgreSQL client (server provided by Nix profile)
-    pkg-config cmake clang mold libtool \
+    postgresql-client \
-    libssl-dev libxml2-dev libxmlsec1-dev libxslt1-dev \
-    libffi-dev zlib1g-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev libclang-dev \
-    libkrb5-dev libsasl2-dev \
-    # PostgreSQL
-    postgresql postgresql-client \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-# ── Node.js 22 ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# ── Nix (single-user, Determinate installer) ────────────────────────────────
-RUN curl -fsSL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_22.x | bash - \
+RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf -L https://install.determinate.systems/nix | \
-    && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends nodejs \
+    sh -s -- install linux --no-confirm --init none
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+ENV PATH="/root/.nix-profile/bin:/nix/var/nix/profiles/default/bin:$PATH"
 
-# ── GitHub CLI ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# ── Install default sandbox profile ─────────────────────────────────────────
-RUN curl -fsSL https://cli.github.com/packages/githubcli-archive-keyring.gpg \
+COPY flake.nix flake.lock /tmp/flake/
-        -o /usr/share/keyrings/githubcli-archive-keyring.gpg \
+RUN cd /tmp/flake && nix profile install .#sandbox \
-    && echo "deb [arch=$(dpkg --print-architecture) signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/githubcli-archive-keyring.gpg] https://cli.github.com/packages stable main" \
+    && rm -rf /tmp/flake
-        > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/github-cli.list \
-    && apt-get update && apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends gh \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
-# ── Rust toolchain ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# ── Browser env (Puppeteer / Mermaid point to Nix Chromium) ─────────────────
-RUN curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | \
+ENV PUPPETEER_SKIP_DOWNLOAD="true"
-    sh -s -- -y --default-toolchain stable --profile minimal
+RUN printf '{"args":["--no-sandbox","--disable-setuid-sandbox"],"executablePath":"%s"}\n' \
-ENV PATH="/root/.cargo/bin:$PATH"
+    "$(readlink -f "$(which chromium)")" > /root/.puppeteerrc.json
 
-RUN cargo install sqlx-cli --no-default-features --features native-tls,postgres \
+# ── Claude Code ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-    && cargo install cargo-watch
-
-# ── Bun ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-RUN curl -fsSL https://bun.sh/install | bash
-ENV PATH="/root/.bun/bin:$PATH"
-
-# ── Playwright + Chromium ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-RUN bun add -g @playwright/test \
-    && bunx playwright install chromium --with-deps \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* /tmp/bunx-*
-
-# ── Claude Code ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 RUN curl -fsSL https://claude.ai/install.sh | bash
 ENV PATH="/root/.local/bin:$PATH"
 
-# ── Codex ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# ── npm globals (install to /usr/local so bins land on PATH) ─────────────────
+ENV NPM_CONFIG_PREFIX=/usr/local
 RUN npm i -g @openai/codex
+RUN PUPPETEER_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=true npm i -g @mermaid-js/mermaid-cli
 
-# ── Mermaid CLI ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# ── Runtime env ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-# Skip puppeteer's own Chromium download; reuse the one Playwright already installed above
+ENV CARGO_HOME=/tmp/.cargo
-RUN PUPPETEER_SKIP_DOWNLOAD=true npm i -g @mermaid-js/mermaid-cli \
-    && CHROMIUM=$(find /root/.cache/ms-playwright -name 'chrome' -executable -type f | head -1) \
-    && printf '{"args":["--no-sandbox","--disable-setuid-sandbox"],"executablePath":"%s"}\n' "$CHROMIUM" \
-       > /root/.puppeteerrc.json
 
-# ── Entrypoint (run explicitly via docker exec, not on container start) ──────
+# ── Allow non-root UID (--user) to access tools installed in /root ───────────
-COPY entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin/entrypoint.sh
+# Give UID 1000 a proper passwd entry, passwordless sudo, and full access to /root
+RUN chmod -R 777 /root \
+    && useradd -u 1000 -g 100 -d /root -s /bin/bash -M agent \
+    && echo "agent ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL" > /etc/sudoers.d/agent \
+    && chmod 0440 /etc/sudoers.d/agent
+
+# ── Entrypoint ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+COPY sandbox-image/entrypoint.sh /usr/local/bin/entrypoint.sh
 RUN chmod +x /usr/local/bin/entrypoint.sh

sandbox-image/entrypoint.sh

@@ -1,21 +1,31 @@
 #!/bin/bash
 set -euo pipefail
 
-# ── Start PostgreSQL ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# ── Nix profile ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+export PATH="/root/.nix-profile/bin:/nix/var/nix/profiles/default/bin:$PATH"
+export CARGO_HOME=/tmp/.cargo
+
+# ── Browser env (from Nix sandbox profile) ───────────────────────────────────
+if command -v sandbox-env >/dev/null 2>&1; then
+    eval "$(sandbox-env)"
+fi
+
+# ── Start PostgreSQL as current user (no root/su needed) ─────────────────────
 PGDATA=/tmp/pgdata
 mkdir -p "$PGDATA"
-chown postgres:postgres "$PGDATA"
 
 if [ ! -f "$PGDATA/PG_VERSION" ]; then
-    su - postgres -c "/usr/lib/postgresql/15/bin/initdb -D $PGDATA --auth=trust"
+    initdb -D "$PGDATA" --auth=trust
 fi
-su - postgres -c "/usr/lib/postgresql/15/bin/pg_ctl -D $PGDATA -l /tmp/pg.log start -o '-k /tmp'"
+pg_ctl -D "$PGDATA" -l /tmp/pg.log start -o "-k /tmp"
-su - postgres -c "psql -h /tmp -c 'CREATE ROLE root SUPERUSER LOGIN'" 2>/dev/null || true
+
-su - postgres -c "createdb -h /tmp windmill" 2>/dev/null || true
+# Create postgres role and windmill database (idempotent)
+psql -h /tmp -d postgres -c "CREATE ROLE postgres SUPERUSER LOGIN" 2>/dev/null || true
+createdb -h /tmp windmill 2>/dev/null || true
 
 # ── Run migrations if present ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
 if [ -d "$PWD/backend/migrations" ]; then
-    DATABASE_URL="postgres://root@localhost/windmill?host=/tmp" \
+    DATABASE_URL="postgres://postgres@localhost/windmill?host=/tmp" \
         sqlx migrate run --source "$PWD/backend/migrations" 2>/dev/null || true
 fi